Development Of Strategies Research Articles

Factors associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders in commercial motorcyclists.

This study aimed to explore the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and to investigate factors associated with WMSDs in commercial motorcyclists in Indonesia. This cross-sectional study involved commercial motorcyclists operating in Indonesia. Data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire, including the Indonesian Version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, occupational driving posture questionnaire, and occupational factor-related questions. The questionnaire was distributed at four rest stops located in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The result showed that 40% of participants (129/322) were having WMSDs. Older age, overweight body mass index (BMI), obese body mass index, nonregular physical activity, driving duration (> 8 h/day), seniority (≥5 years), and poor driving posture were significant risk factors for WMSDs in commercial motorcyclists. Based on the risk factors identified in this study, the development of preventive strategies among commercial motorcyclists is warranted.

Gender differences in dietary intake and physical activity among university students: a post-COVID-19 pandemic study

Purpose Malaysia transitions from a pandemic to an endemic state, beginning on April 1, 2022. The dietary intake and physical activity of university students were altered during the COVID-19 pandemic confinement period, but there is limited information on this topic in the post-COVID-19 period. This cross-sectional study aims to understand gender differences in dietary intake and physical activity among university students and investigate the factors influencing their body mass index (BMI) in the post-COVID-19 period. Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire used in this study comprised three main segments: sociodemographic information, a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Findings Results indicated that males exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean intakes of total dietary energy and macronutrients compared to females. Compared to the Malaysian Recommended Nutrient Intakes 2017, 76.4% of males and 68.8% of females had a sufficient daily energy intake. The majority of males (52.7%) and females (46.4%) were moderately physically active. Regression analysis revealed that male university students with lower fiber intake (ß = −0.309, p = 0.002) were significantly associated with higher BMI reading after confounding adjustment. However, a similar trend was not observed in female university students. Practical implications Understanding the gender differences in dietary intake and physical activity can provide insights into the development of effective gender-specific health promotion strategies and the formulation of policies aimed at promoting healthier lifestyles among university students in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era. Originality/value This study provides insights into the gender differences in the dietary and physical activity habits of university students, as well as the factors influencing their BMI in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era.

A Comprehensive Study on Methane Adsorption Capacities and Pore Characteristics of Coal Seams: Implications for Efficient Coalbed Methane Development in the Soma Basin, Türkiye

Abstract This study represents a comprehensive assessment of methane adsorption capacity and pore characteristics for the coal seams of the Soma Basin in Western Türkiye, with a focus on their implications for coalbed methane potential. Twenty-one exploration wells were utilized to obtain coal samples from the kP1 and kM2 coal seams in the Kınık coalfield of the Soma Basin. High-pressure methane adsorption experiments using the indirect gravimetric method were conducted to quantify the storage capacities of these coal seams. Results revealed a wide range of methane adsorption capacities, ranging from 10.5 to 28.3 m3/t (air-dry basis), indicating significant methane storage potential for the kP1 and kM2 coal seams. The gas contents, ranging from 1.1 to 4.3 m3/t (as-received basis), suggested that the coal seams were undersaturated. Low-pressure N2/CO2 adsorption tests, along with standard proximate and gross calorific value analyses, were performed to investigate the influence of coal quality and pore characteristics on methane adsorption capacities. The findings demonstrated correlations between coal quality parameters and adsorption capacity, with ash yield showing a moderately negative correlation and fixed carbon content and gross calorific values exhibiting moderately positive correlations. Microporosity was identified as the critical factor governing methane adsorption, with a strong positive correlation observed between micropore surface areas and volumes and adsorption capacity. These results highlight the significant methane storage capacities of the coal seams in the Soma Basin and underscore the importance of micropores in determining methane adsorption capacity. The findings provide valuable insights for optimizing methane extraction and utilization in the region and offer important considerations for reservoir characterization and development strategies in similar low-rank coal deposits. Highlights Extensive evaluation of methane adsorption and pore characteristics in Soma Basin coals, uncovering substantial potential for coalbed methane. The study reveals a diverse range of methane adsorption capacities, indicating highly promising methane storage capabilities. Correlation between coal quality parameters and methane adsorption, offering valuable insights into gas storage influenced by coal composition. Emphasis on the crucial role of micropores in methane storage, underscoring their significance as primary adsorption sites. Practical implications for optimizing methane extraction and utilization, guiding reservoir development in low-rank coal deposits like Soma Basin.

OER based capacity building to overcome staff equity and access issues in higher education

Open educational resources (OER) have already impacted educational systems around the world. In higher education more specifically, it has benefited learners, and has influenced institutional strategic plans and policies. Additionally, the benefits of OER also extend to staff in higher education, such as academic staff. For this group, OER can provide opportunities for collaboration, promote curriculum innovation and student led content development, as well as contribute to university teachers’ much needed continuing professional development. In this paper, we examine the potential of OER to build capacity of academic staff in higher education, in particular to overcome some equity and access issues that they may face. It also examines some existing activities and strategies for professional development in higher educational institutions and provides some recommendations for academics, academic developers, institutions, and the sector in general.

Inside the Disposal Box: A Study on Biomedical Waste Awareness Among Aspiring Dental Professionals

Background: Biomedical waste management across India has become a growing concern for dentists. This study investigates biomedical waste management knowledge in the context of dental education. The aim of this study is to determine the knowledge, compliance and understanding levels of dental students regarding the processing and disposal of biomedical waste.Methods: This study was conducted among students and interns of a rural dental college in Maharashtra, India. A pre-designed survey was administered to dental students in various academic years. Investigations include waste classification, segregation, disposal technologies, safety procedures, and environmental impacts associated with biomedical waste.Results: A total of 150 students participated. The male/female ratio is 1:1.31. On average, 88% and 12% of students have correct and incorrect information about biomedical waste.Conclusion: The results of this study can form the basis for the development of educational strategies and interventions to raise awareness and ensure responsible biomedical waste management in medical education, dentistry, and medical facilities.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 02 Apr’24 Page: 198-202

Towards sustainable precipitation management in Madurai Town Planning Area (India)

This study aimed to look for efficient development strategies towards achieving sustainable precipitation management in the Madurai Town Planning Area (MTPA) in India. In the MTPA, precipitation is the predominant source of freshwater for agricultural and domestic uses in addition to water received through conventional systems. The average annual precipitation in the region is ~ 816 mm with standard deviation of 233 mm. The regression analysis showed that annual precipitation is following a decreasing trend and will be about 716 mm by 2030. The Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) values ranging from 18 to 20 represented strong irregularities and seasonality in annual precipitation over the study area. March, July, September, and November months contributed 2.5, 6.19, 14, and 16% to annual precipitation, respectively, and all showed decreasing trends over time. Only 20% of Northeast monsoon was active over the past 44 years (1976–2019), resulting in a 15% probability of flood and drought occurrences throughout the MTPA. The long-term (1976–2019) average value of annual precipitation days was about 42. The Concentration Index (CI) showed that 60–70% of precipitation was received within 25% of precipitable days. Daily precipitation class of moderate (7.5–34 mm) and rather heavy (34–64 mm) ranges were the dominant types of precipitation, contributing 46% and 26% to total annual precipitation, respectively. Except for October, the monthly precipitation received was deficit to meet the irrigation water demand in the MTPA. However, development of precipitation harvesting systems can annually preserve about 27 Mm3 freshwater in the urban space of the MTPA.

Function and mechanism of action of the TRPV1 channel in the development of triple-negative breast cancer.

Transient receptor potential channel subfamily vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a member of the transient receptor potential family of nonselective cationic transmembrane channel proteins that are involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis. It is expressed in various tumor types and has been implicated in the regulation of cancer growth, metastasis, apoptosis, and cancer-related pain. TRPV1 is highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), and both its agonists and antagonists may exert anti-cancer effects. In this review, we provide an overview of the effect of TRPV1 on TNBC development and its influence on immunotherapy in an attempt to facilitate the development of future treatment strategies.

Challenges in Evaluating a Community-Level Intervention to Address Root Causes of Youth Violence.

Violence disproportionately impacts Black American youth, representing a major health disparity. Addressing the possible root causes of structural inequities to reduce violence may increase the impact of prevention strategies. However, efforts to evaluate the impact of such interventions pose numerous methodological challenges, particularly around selecting an effective evaluation design to detect change at the community level, with adequate power and sampling, and appropriate constructs and measurement strategies. We propose a multiple baseline experimental design to evaluate the impact of a community-level youth violence and suicidality prevention strategy. A multiple baseline experimental design with multiple community units balances the need for scientific rigor with practical and values-based considerations. It includes randomization and plausible counterfactuals without requiring large samples or placing some communities in the position of not receiving the intervention. Considerations related to the conceptualization of the logic model, mechanisms of change, and health disparity outcomes informed the development of the measurement strategy. The strengths and weaknesses of a multiple baseline experimental design are discussed in comparison to versions of randomized clinical trials. Future health disparity intervention evaluation research will benefit from (1) building a shared sense of urgent public need to promote health; (2) respecting the validity of values- and partnership-based decision-making; and (3) promoting community-based and systems-level partnerships in scientific grant funding. The described study has been registered prospectively at clinicaltrials.gov, Protocol Record 21-454.

Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Maternal Immunization with RSVpreF Vaccine for the Prevention of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Infants in Spain.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in children under one year of age. In high-income countries, RSV infections cause a significant overload of care every winter, imposing a significant burden to the healthcare system, which has made the development of prevention strategies a major global health priority. In this context, a new bivalent RSV prefusion F protein-based vaccine (RSVpreF) has recently been approved. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of vaccinating pregnant women with the RSVpreF vaccine to prevent RSV in infants from the Spanish National Healthcare System (NHS) perspective. A hypothetical cohort framework and a Markov-type process were used to estimate clinical outcomes, costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and cost-per-QALY gained (willingness-to-pay threshold: €25,000/QALY) for newborn infants born to RSV-vaccinated versus unvaccinated mothers over an RSV season. The base case analysis was performed from the NHS perspective including direct costs (€2023) and applying a discount of 3% to future costs and outcomes. To evaluate the robustness of the model, several scenarios, and deterministic and probabilistic analyses were carried out. All the parameters and assumptions were validated by a panel of experts. The results of the study showed that year-round maternal vaccination program with 70% coverage is a dominant option compared to no intervention, resulting in direct cost savings of €1.8 million each year, with an increase of 551 QALYs. Maternal vaccination could prevent 38% of hospital admissions, 23% of emergency room visits, 19% of primary care visits, and 34% of deaths due to RSV. All scenario analyses showed consistent results, and according to the probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA), the probability of maternal vaccination being cost-effective versus no intervention was 99%. From the Spanish NHS perspective, maternal vaccination with bivalent RSVpreF is a dominant alternative compared with a non-prevention strategy.

Enhanced Intrinsic Self-Healing Performance of Mussel Inspired Coating via In-Situ Cation Capture.

Under damp or aquatic conditions, the corrosion products deposited on micro-cracks/pore sites bring about the failure of intrinsically healable organic coatings. Inspired by mussels, a composite coating of poly (methyl methacrylate-co-butyl acylate-co-dopamine acrylamide)/phenylalanine-functionalized boron nitride (PMBD/BN-Phe) is successfully prepared on the reinforcing steel, which exhibits excellent anti-corrosion and underwater self-healing capabilities. The self-healing property of PMBD is derived from the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and metal-ligand coordination bonding, and thereby the continuous generation of corrosion products can be significantly suppressed through in situ capture of cations by the catechol group. Furthermore, the corrosion protection ability can be remarkably improved by the labyrinth effect of BN and the inhibition role of Phe, and the desired interfacial compatibility can be formed by the hydrogen bonds between BN-Phe and PMBD matrix. The corrosion current density (icorr) of PMBD/BN-Phe coating is determined as 7.95×10-11Acm-2. The low-frequency impedance modulus (|Z|f = 0.0 1 Hz is remained at 3.47×109Ωcm2, indicating an ultra-high self-healing efficiency (≈89.5%). It is anticipated to provide a unique strategy for development of an underwater self-healing coating and robust durability for application in anti-corrosion engineering of marine buildings.

A Tumor Environment-Activated Photosensitized Biomimetic Nanoplatform for Precise Photodynamic Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer.

Aggressive nature of colon cancer and current imprecise therapeutic scenarios simulate the development of precise and effective treatment strategies. To achieve this, a tumor environment-activated photosensitized biomimetic nanoplatform (PEG2000-SiNcTI-Ph/CpG-ZIF-8@CM) is fabricated by encapsulating metal-organic framework loaded with developed photosensitizer PEG2000-SiNcTI-Ph and immunoadjuvant CpG oligodeoxynucleotide within fusion cell membrane expressing programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and cluster of differentiation 47 (CD47). By stumbling across, systematic evaluation, and deciphering with quantum chemical calculations, a unique attribute of tumor environment (low pH plus high concentrations of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP))-activated photodynamic effect sensitized by long-wavelength photons is validated for PEG2000-SiNcTI-Ph/CpG-ZIF-8@CM, advancing the precision of cancer therapy. Moreover, PEG2000-SiNcTI-Ph/CpG-ZIF-8@CM evades immune surveillance to target CT26 colon tumors in mice mediated by CD47/signal regulatory proteins α (SIRPα) interaction and PD-1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) interaction, respectively. Tumor environment-activated photodynamic therapy realized by PEG2000-SiNcTI-Ph/CpG-ZIF-8@CM induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) to elicit anti-tumor immune response, which is empowered by enhanced dendritic cells (DC) uptake of CpG and PD-L1 blockade contributed by the nanoplatform. The photodynamic immunotherapy efficiently combats primary and distant CT26 tumors, and additionally generates immune memory to inhibit tumor recurrence and metastasis. The nanoplatform developed here provides insights for the development of precise cancer therapeutic strategies.

Local economic development strategies in a medium-sized city on the European periphery: a path to become an economic center of Eastern Central Europe importance

Large cities are becoming increasingly valuable in the spatial structure of globalized economies. Although these centers vary significantly regarding population, economic structure, and income conditions, they—compared to their surroundings—generally show a higher productivity level, a higher rate of employment, higher education, and higher innovation performance. However, this metropolization and concentration of the economy in large cities made the development of cities regarded as medium-sized on an international scale an issue of competitiveness in Europe, characterized by dense town networks, a small number of metropolises, and a significant weight of medium- and small-sized towns. However, one of the main preconditions for achieving success in this competition is to form a comprehensive and complex concept with a significant emphasis on economic development. Therefore, the aim of our study is to analyze the local economic development strategies for the last three decades, as elaborated in Debrecen. In the framework of our empirical analysis, we examined how different mainstream concepts appear in local development strategies and which development objectives are determined by the local strategies. Furthermore, we also aimed to identify possible changes in ideas about city roles by referring to the organization of economic space.

Implantable Wet‐Adhesive Flexible Electronics with Ultrathin Gelatin Film

AbstractImplantable flexible electronic has attracted significant research interest in various fields. However, it still faces the challenge of simultaneously achieving tight adhesion to tissues in a mildly wet environment and possessing excellent biocompatibility to reduce immune rejection reactions after implantation. Here, a degradable wet‐adhesive flexible electronic device based on liquid metal and ultrathin gelatin film is developed. The ultrathin gelatin film forms numerous hydrogen bonds with tissue in a slightly humid environment, rapidly constructing a wet‐adhesive interface without damaging tissue structure. Inkjet printing is utilized to pattern the mixture of liquid metal and PVP on the surface of the ultrathin gelatin to create flexible patch. With the excellent conductivity of liquid metal, low toxicity, and similarity to natural tissue components of gelatin, flexible patch exhibits outstanding biocompatibility and fatigue resistance. It can be implanted in the body for up to 6 weeks, retaining monitoring capabilities and resisting 1 000 000 cycles of bending fatigue. This study provides a novel strategy for the future development of implantable flexible electronics.

Concept of Smart Specialization as a Strategy for Sustainable Regional Development

The subject of this paper is a review of previous research on smart specialization as a concept which is one of the strategies for sustainable development of regions. Innovations are considered as one of the key drivers of growth. Recognition of innovation which was central point of strategy ‘Europe 2020’ where ‘smart specialization’ needs to make possible for the regions and countries pursue those industries in which they hold a comparative advantage and which have basis for further innovations. The main purpose of this paper is defining smart specialization and its role on the regional development. Analysis and comparison of the scientific literature and applications of smart specialization were used as methods for this paper. The main findings of this paper show that the basis of smart specialization are innovation, knowledge and research which are pillars of smart, sustainable development. Smart specialization means identifying the unique characteristics and potential of each country and region, with the aim of achieving competitive advantages and excellence. It also includes strengthening regional innovation systems, increasing knowledge exchange and spillover the benefits of innovation throughout the regional economy. By comparison method of the scientific literature this paper will contribute to the development of theoretical background of smart specialization as a strategic concept formed by a group of European Union experts with the aim of reducing the gap in competitiveness between the European Union and the United States, which arises from the lower economic and technological specialization of European countries, especially at the regional level. Also it will promote smart specialization as a concept that can contribute to strengthening regional innovation policy and regional development.

Investigating the Impact of Various Vegetation Scenarios on Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Low-Density Residential Areas of Hot Arid Regions

In hot, arid regions, outdoor spaces suffer from intense heat. This study explores how vegetation can improve outdoor thermal performance for pedestrians in low-density residential areas. Specifically, it seeks to identify the best combination of grass and trees for optimal comfort. Four scenarios were simulated using ENVI-met software, varying the proportions of grass and three tree types: 50% grass, 50% grass with 25% trees, 50% grass with 50% trees, and 50% grass with 75% trees. A reference scenario with no vegetation was also investigated. The simulated outputs encompassed air temperature (Ta), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), relative humidity (RH), and physiologically equivalent temperature (PET). The findings show that scenarios with a higher percentage of trees exhibited the best reduction in air temperature, ranging from 0.2 k to 0.92 k. Additionally, the inclusion of trees and grass in the scenarios resulted in a substantial improvement in thermal performance, with an average reduction of 7.5 degrees in PET. Among the evaluated scenarios, the one comprising 75% trees and 50% grass exhibits the most noteworthy enhancement. This study underscores the significance of strategically positioning vegetation to coincide with prevailing wind patterns, thereby enhancing convective cooling mechanisms and improving overall thermal comfort levels. These insights offer valuable implications for urban planning and the development of sustainable design strategies.

In Situ Formation of Platinum-Carbon Catalysts in Propane Dehydrogenation.

The catalytic production of propylene via propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is a key reaction in the chemical industry. By combining operando transmission electron microscopy with density functional theory analysis, we show that the intercalation and ordering of carbon on Pt interstitials to form Pt-C solid solutions is relevant for increasing propylene production. More specifically, we found that at the point of enhanced propylene formation, the structure of platinum nanoparticles is transformed into a transient caesium chloride-type Pt-C polymorph. At more elevated temperatures, the zincblende and rock salt polymorphs seemingly coexist. When propylene production was highest, multiple crystal structures consisting of Pt and carbon were occasionally found to coexist in one individual nanoparticle, distorting the Pt lattice. Catalyst coking was detected at all stages of the reaction, but did initially not affect all particles. These findings could lead to the development of novel synthesis strategies towards tailoring highly efficient PDH catalysts.

Unveiling the Shadow: Theorizing the Impact of Narcissistic Leadership on Sales Teams

This study investigates the dual nature of narcissistic leadership within sales teams, revealing its potential to both inspire ambitious goals and undermine team cohesion and performance. By integrating a comprehensive literature review, the research outlines the characteristic behaviors of narcissistic leaders, such as arrogance and a lack of empathy, and their impact on team dynamics, including reduced cohesion, increased conflict, and impaired team performance. The paper proposes strategies to mitigate these negative effects, such as leadership development programs, team-based performance evaluations, and fostering a culture of empathy. It highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the complexities of narcissistic leadership to cultivate healthier, more productive team environments. The findings call for further research into the long-term effects of narcissistic leadership and the development of effective management strategies.

Machine learning and multi-omics data reveal driver gene-based molecular subtypes in hepatocellular carcinoma for precision treatment.

The heterogeneity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) poses a barrier to effective treatment. Stratifying highly heterogeneous HCC into molecular subtypes with similar features is crucial for personalized anti-tumor therapies. Although driver genes play pivotal roles in cancer progression, their potential in HCC subtyping has been largely overlooked. This study aims to utilize driver genes to construct HCC subtype models and unravel their molecular mechanisms. Utilizing a novel computational framework, we expanded the initially identified 96 driver genes to 1192 based on mutational aspects and an additional 233 considering driver dysregulation. These genes were subsequently employed as stratification markers for further analyses. A novel multi-omics subtype classification algorithm was developed, leveraging mutation and expression data of the identified stratification genes. This algorithm successfully categorized HCC into two distinct subtypes, CLASS A and CLASS B, demonstrating significant differences in survival outcomes. Integrating multi-omics and single-cell data unveiled substantial distinctions between these subtypes regarding transcriptomics, mutations, copy number variations, and epigenomics. Moreover, our prognostic model exhibited excellent predictive performance in training and external validation cohorts. Finally, a 10-gene classification model for these subtypes identified TTK as a promising therapeutic target with robust classification capabilities. This comprehensive study provides a novel perspective on HCC stratification, offering crucial insights for a deeper understanding of its pathogenesis and the development of promising treatment strategies.

Breast Cancer Immune Landscape: Interplay Between Systemic and Local Immunity.

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies in women worldwide. Numerous studies in immuno-oncology and successful trials of immunotherapy have demonstrated the causal role of the immune system in cancer pathogenesis. The interaction between the tumor and the immune system is known to have a dual nature. Despite cytotoxic lymphocyte activity against transformed cells, a tumor can escape immune surveillance and leverage chronic inflammation to maintain its own development. Research on antitumor immunity primarily focuses on the role of the tumor microenvironment, whereas the systemic immune response beyond the tumor site is described less thoroughly. Here, a comprehensive review of the formation of the immune profile in breast cancer patients is offered. The interplay between systemic and local immune reactions as self-sustaining mechanism of tumor progression is described and the functional activity of the main cell populations related to innate and adaptive immunity is discussed. Additionally, the interaction between different functional levels of the immune system and their contribution to the development of the pro- or anti-tumor immune response in BC is highlighted. The presented data can potentially inform the development of new immunotherapy strategies in the treatment of patients with BC.

BIA-ALCL and BIA-SCC: Updates on Clinical Features and Genetic Mutations for Latest Recommendations

Breast Implant-Associated Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (BIA-ALCL) and Breast Implant-Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma (BIA-SCC) are emerging neoplastic complications related to breast implants. While BIA-ALCL is often linked to macrotextured implants, current evidence does not suggest an implant-type association for BIA-SCC. Chronic inflammation and genetics have been hypothesized as key pathogenetic players, although for both conditions, the exact mechanisms and specific risks related to breast implants are yet to be established. While the genetic alterations in BIA-SCC are still unknown, JAK-STAT pathway activation has been outlined as a dominant signature of BIA-ALCL. Recent genetic investigation has uncovered various molecular players, including MEK-ERK, PI3K/AKT, CDK4-6, and PDL1. The clinical presentation of BIA-ALCL and BIA-SCC overlaps, including most commonly late seroma and breast swelling, warranting ultrasound and cytological examinations, which are the first recommended steps as part of the diagnostic work-up. While the role of mammography is still limited, MRI and CT-PET are recommended according to the clinical presentation and for disease staging. To date, the mainstay of treatment for BIA-ALCL and BIA-SCC is implant removal with en-bloc capsulectomy. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy have also been used for advanced-stage BIA-ALCL and BIA-SCC. In-depth characterization of the tumor genetics is key for the development of novel therapeutic strategies, especially for advanced stage BIA-ALCL and BIA-SCC, which show a more aggressive course and poor prognosis.